Historically, Contract Research Organizations (CROs) have played a significant role in the design, execution, monitoring, and data analysis of clinical trials. Most small pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies rely on the services CROs provide in order to conduct national or international clinical trials mostly because without their contribution the companies would not be able to conduct such studies. Nevertheless, it’s becoming more and more common for large companies to subcontract their researches to CROs in order to lower operational costs and expedite their investigations by hiring experts in design, execution, and oversight of clinical trials. This partnership between pharmaceutical/biotechnology companies and CROs has been the conventional or standard system in industry-sponsored clinical trials and, so far, it has delivered excellent results. However, some critics argue that the current interaction among sponsors, CROs, and academic experts—which also play an important b